La naturaleza siempre está alrededor de nosotros, por todas partes. En cualquier lugar que estemos, estamos viviendo en un ecosistema. Puede que sea muy lejos de inmaculado. Puede ser dañado, lleno de especies invasoras, sin mucha diversidad y atiborrado de tráfico. Pero siempre está presente. Y siempre tiene algo para enseñarnos. Fue con esas ideas que empecé a conocer a los estorninos pintos (Sturnus vulgaris) en el jardín de mi mamá.

Mi mamá vive en un barrio viejo en la zona urbana de Missoula, Montana, Estados Unidos. Durante los últimos cinco años, ha plantado árboles frutales y más de 100 especies de plantas nativas alrededor de su casa, tratando de cultivar su propia comida y crear hábitat para una diversidad de insectos, aves y otras criaturas.

El otoño pasado vi las primeras señales de que sus esfuerzos rendían fruto. En septiembre, una bandada de pirangas capucha roja (Piranga ludoviciana) hicieron escala para alimentarse de las uvas del jardín. En octubre, un gran grupo de pinzones mexicanos (Haemorhous mexicanus) y jilgueritos canarios (Spinus tristis) se alimentaban de las semillas de la planta de abejas (Cleome serrulata), una planta anual nativa que ha prosperado en el jardín. Mientras tanto, un gorrión corona blanca (Zonotrichia leucophrys) joven buscaba las semillas caídas de la hierba Grindelia squarrosa al lado de la calle. Fueron las primeras indicaciones robustas que vi que un jardín urbano tan pequeño como éste podría hacer la diferencia para la vida silvestre.

Observando los estorninos

Pero hablemos claro: este jardín aún está joven, y es pequeño. En abril, las aves más evidentes alrededor de la casa de mi mamá son los estorninos pintos. Y así, a pesar de mis prejuicios contra esta especie no nativa, tan común por espacios urbanos a través de los Estados Unidos y Canadá, decido observar los estorninos. ¿Qué pueden enseñarme sobre este ecosistema en la ciudad?

Lo que noto primero, aun antes de tratar de grabarlos con mi micrófono, es su mimetismo vocal. La primera mañana escarchada que empiezo a hacerles caso, mientras estoy caminando entre la casa y mi carro, claramente escucho a uno imitar a un chorlo tildío (Charadrius vociferus) y un carpintero de pechera común (Colaptes auratus). Eso me llama la atención. Las imitaciones son impresionantes. ¿A cuáles aves más pueden imitar estos estorninos?

Esa tarde, no veo los estorninos por ninguna parte. Ya he leído sobre su biología, y me pregunto qué están haciendo. ¿Están incubando los huevos? Ya los he visto entrando la cavidad donde los estorninos han anidado en el pasado, una esquina deteriorada del techo de la casa entre tablas que no caben bien. O ¿están en un parque local esta tarde, forrajeando por invertebrados en la tierra blanda?

La tierra de la primavera

Paso varias horas soleadas excavando en la tierra del jardín, buscando las redes de rizomas de la grama que se llama “quackgrass” (Agropyron repens). Es una planta de Eurasia que suele formar un césped y compite mucho con las plantas nativas. Cada primavera, arrancar montones de esta grama es una gran tarea en este jardín. Mientras arranco el quackgrass, me doy cuenta de la presencia de muchas plántulas de la planta de abejas—los predecesores de las semillas que las aves van a comer este otoño. Un escarabajo negruzco, brillando con destellos de morado, se arrastra por el suelo y desaparece entre los pedazos de madera triturada que sirven de mantillo en el jardín.

A las 6:30 pm, un solo estornino aterriza en un olmo de Siberia (Ulmus pumila) al sureste, por el patio de un vecino al otro lado de la calle. Desde el olmo, el canto vespertino del estornino incluye imitaciones de un chorlo tildío, de gorriones domésticos (Passer domesticus) y del chillido de una aguililla cola roja (Buteo jamaicensis). En la distancia, otro estornino aterriza en el techo de otro vecino y desaparece. ¿Es otro nido? ¿Hay varias parejas que están anidando por el barrio? 

A las 6:35 pm, el mismo estornino todavía está en el olmo de Siberia. Pero otro, bien arreglado con plumas de negro iridiscente, está perchado en el techo de la casa de mi mamá. Éste imita el canto de un pradero del oeste (Sturnella neglecta) con destreza. Luego vuela a un cercano fresno americano (Fraxinus pennsylvanica). Por el canto, sospecho que este individuo es un macho. Unos minutos más tarde, vuela a la cavidad en el techo y da episodio breve de su canto. 

Imitaciones de los humedales

Durante la próxima media hora, él sigue cantando y noto más imitaciones. ¿Pasó parte del invierno cerca de un humedal? Lo escucho imitando las llamadas del ganso canadiense mayor (Branta canadensis), del pato de collar (Anas platyrhynchos) y de la gallareta americana (Fulica americana). También creo que lo escucho dar la llamada alarmada de una agachona norteamericana (Gallinago delicata). Sus cantos del pradero del oeste son muy convincentes, y maúlla muy bien como un rascador moteado (Pipilo maculatus) también. Además hace una buena imitación del chotacabras zumbón (Chordeiles minor). Los chotacabras zumbones son migrantes de larga distancia que no van a estar llegando aquí hasta finales de mayo. Imitando el chotacabras, ¿el estornino está deseando la llegada del verano?

No he podido confirmar si ya tiene una pareja. Es claro que hay otros estorninos por el vecindario, pero no he visto sus interacciones de cerca. Observo al macho removiendo un pedazo de madera de la cavidad en el techo. Luego, se posa en el techo con una ramita en el pico. Nada de eso revela si tiene pareja. Entre los estorninos, los machos seleccionan y defienden una cavidad de anidación; luego, una hembra escoge a un macho y su cavidad. Hasta entonces, este tipo de esfuerzo casual para construir un nido es esperado. Por lo que veo, este estornino todavía puede estar soltero.

Imitando a los tordos sargentos

El día siguiente amanece escarchado. Llevo un montón de chamarras mientras me siento en el jardín con mi micrófono y mis binoculares. El estornino está cantando otra vez desde el techo de la casa. Esta mañana lo escucho simulando las llamadas “¡clí! de un carpintero de pechera común. Vuelve a imitar el canto de un pradero del oeste, pero esta vez añade el canto de un tordo sargento (Agelaius phoeniceus). 

Eso me da la respuesta a una pregunta persistente que he tenido. A menudo en la primavera, he escuchado lo que parecía ser tordos sargentos en este barrio urbano. Me sorprendió escucharlos aquí, fuera de cualquier humedal—su hábitat típico—y me preguntaba si fue el mimetismo de los estorninos. Ya sé con certeza. A menos que realmente vea a un tordo sargento aquí, desde ahora voy a sospechar a los estorninos cuando escuche estos sonidos.

Varios otros estorninos están vocalizando desde perchas más distantes. De vez en cuando veo a uno volando, un dardo con alas puntiagudas atravesando casas y calles. ¿A dónde están yendo para forrajear?

Los gorriones cantores y la conectividad

Un gorrión cantor (Melospiza melodia) empieza a cantar desde el jardín de un vecino, perchándose en un joven olmo de Siberia cerca de un lilo. Me acerco, esperando grabarlo. Pero deja de cantar y vuela bajo para el jardín de mi mamá, pasando por los tallos muertos de varas de oro (Solidago spp.) y plantas de abejas que todavía cuelgan con semillas abundantes. Me imagino que el gorrión está encontrando semillas aquí. Más temprano esta mañana, también vi a dos pinzones mexicanos alimentándose en las plantas de abejas.

Por lo menos por las semillas, me parece que este jardín es una parte importante de la ecología de este barrio. Y el gorrión cantor, como los estorninos, me está mostrando algo obvio pero importante sobre los jardines urbanos: están conectados. La vida silvestre está usando el hábitat en este barrio como una unidad interconectada, no una serie diseccionada de terrenos segmentados por cambios en posesión.

¿Dónde los estorninos están forrajeando?

Mientras sigo pensando en este tema de los recursos alimenticios y la conectividad, decido checar las imágenes satelitales del barrio. Me estoy preguntando dónde los estorninos y los mirlos primavera (Turdus migratorius) pueden estar forrajeando. En esta temporada, me imagino que las dos especies están alimentándose por el suelo, cazando lombrices invasoras y otros invertebrados del césped. Sospecho que están buscando parches más grandes de hábitat donde puedan alimentarse sin preocuparse por los gatos que saltan de los arbustos para emboscarlos. De los parches grandes de césped así, uno de los más cercanos es Montana Rail Link Park, un triángulo un poco aburrido de césped al lado de un ferrocarril abandonado. Pero es algo diferente dentro de este hábitat de casas en cuadrícula y árboles dispersos. Mientras la mañana se calienta, pongo mi equipo en mi mochila y salgo para checar el parque.

A las 10:20 am, cuando llego al parque, me siento desilusionado: no veo ningunas aves. Pero tampoco las he visto forrajeando en los parches más pequeños de césped que pasé para llegar aquí, los cuales supongo implican más peligro de los gatos. Algunos perros están corriendo por el parque sin correa. Me imagino que ellos suponen cierto nivel de riesgo a las aves que cazaran lombrices. Todavía no tengo ninguna idea dónde los estorninos y los mirlos locales están forrajeando, ni a qué horas están buscando alimento activamente. Elucidar estos patrones va a requerir más observaciones.

Encontrando una pareja

Es la misma historia a las 11:00 am cuando llego a Franklin Park, otro gran espacio abierto en el barrio. Aún no he visto ni un solo mirlo ni estornino forrajeando. Pero me alegra ver las nuevas hojas de color cobre de los cerezos silvestres (Prunus virginiana) al lado de la acequia. Hay varios chinches de arce (Boisea trivittata) que están trepando en la hojarasca por abajo.

Cuando regreso a la casa de mi mamá, estoy sorprendido espantar a un mirlo, que se echa a volar desde el jardín. ¿Ha estado forrajeando aquí? Dos estorninos vuelan del área de la cavidad en el techo. Me pregunto si el canto elaborado del macho, con tantas imitaciones, finalmente le ha ayudado a atraer a una pareja.

La siguiente mañana, me sorprendo al ver una bandada de cinco tordos sargentos machos aparecer en el barrio. Aterrizan en el olmo de Siberia al lado del jardín de mi mamá, como si estuvieran burlándose de mi conclusión sobre su ausencia. Los grabo llamando y cantando por unos minutos—estos no son las imitaciones de estorninos—y entonces todos vuelan juntos al norte.

Esta mañana es mi primera indicación definitiva de que el estornino ha encontrado una pareja. Dos estorninos están ocupados en el jardín, cargando gramas muertas a la cavidad. Al otro lado del jardín, dos cuervos norteamericanos (Corvus brachyrhynchos) notablemente callados aterrizan y buscan ramitas para llevar. Presuntamente están construyendo un nido en el vecindario también.

Más imitaciones

Tres días después, hay plantas nativas brotando por todos lados del jardín. Los abejorros están visitando las flores de la grosella dorada (Ribes aureum) y de la grosella de Misuri (Ribes setosum). He estado observando los estorninos otra vez esta mañana. El olmo de Siberia al lado del jardín ya tiene frutos delgados y nuevas hojas verdes, y el estornino macho está perchado ahí cantando.

Estoy casi seguro de que es el mismo macho. Ya reconozco su mimetismo, y por lo general son las mismas imitaciones que he estado escuchando: el rascador moteado y el carpintero de pechera común, el chorlo tildío y el chotacabras zumbón, el canto del pradero del oeste. Sigue las llamadas de la gallareta americana inmediatamente con una imitación de una urraca de Hudson (Pica hudsonia), algo que ya lo he escuchado hacer varios días. Parece que el único sonido que no imita es el pinche perro que ha comenzado a ladrar en el fondo.

Esta mañana ha añadido una imitación de una gaviota (Larus sp.), lo cual logro grabar, y del canto de un gorrión corona blanca. Hasta da las llamadas de una chara azul (Cyanocitta cristata), una especie más comúnmente vista en el este de Norteamérica. Su repertorio es impresionante. Después de casi una semana, sigo escuchando nuevas imitaciones.

El comportamiento confuso de los estorninos

Observando los estorninos hoy, estoy un poco perplejo. El macho está entrando la cavidad repetidamente, trayendo pedacitos muertos de gramas y hojas. No está solo en el jardín: una hembra (sospecho) lo está mirando desde el fresno americano. Pienso que es la misma hembra que he visto antes con él. Una vez la veo visitar la cavidad. Dos veces, después de que él canta, ella se acerca y se aparean.

Pero lo que me confunde es que estoy viendo un tercer individuo también. Este entrometido se percha justo al lado de la hembra e imita el canto de un tordo sargento. El macho territorial canta en respuesta, pero no intenta correr al intruso. Sería interesante darles a los estorninos anillos coloridos en las patas y así poder registrar qué hace cada individuo. Poco a poco estoy entendiendo más sobre los estorninos, pero ¡aún es muy fácil confundirme completamente!

Al ver qué tan fácilmente los estorninos recolectan materiales para el nido desde este jardín pequeño, aparentemente sin preocuparse por los gatos, empiezo a sospechar que estaba equivocado en mi idea sobre sus preferencias de forrajear. A lo mejor no están yendo a un parque local. Ya pienso que están forrajeando en cualquier parche de hábitat en el barrio que les llame la atención. Pero por supuesto, todo eso es nada más que conjetura. El mes que viene, cuando tengan polluelos en el nido, me imagino que van a estar pasando más tiempo forrajeando. Tal vez yo vaya a poder confirmar entonces si están usando los parches locales de césped o viajando más lejos para forrajear en los parques. O quizás vaya a estar deseando, otra vez, que llevaran anillos coloridos en las patas.

Aprendiendo de especies resistentes

A lo largo de una gran extensión de Norteamérica, los estorninos pintos son aves comunes y exitosas de las ciudades. Como los dientes de león (Taraxacum spp.), las palomas comunes (Columba livia) y los gorriones domésticos, pienso que es razonable llamarlos una especie resistente. Tenaces y versátiles, parecen sobrevivir y hasta prosperar en ecosistemas dañados. En los hábitats más intactos, compiten con especies nativas por cavidades de anidación, desplazando a azulejos (Sialia spp.), golondrinas bicolores (Tachycineta bicolor) y hasta carpinteros. Son aves controvertidas, y a muchas personas los estorninos les caen gordos.

Estorninos son complicados. Pero definitivamente no son aburridos. En una sola semana, me han cantado las imitaciones de doce especies. Me han hecho pensar en comportamientos reproductivos, oportunidades de alimentación, los gatos asesinos del barrio y cómo las aves podrían estar percibiendo y usando este ecosistema urbano. Me han motivado a percibir no sólo el ecosistema que quisiera ver aquí, con más plantas, insectos y aves nativos, sino también el ecosistema que existe ahora, con su tráfico ruidoso, sus gatos de campo y sus parches aburridos de césped donde los estorninos pudieran alimentarse. Y por eso, les estoy agradecido.

Mientras la primavera avance, voy a seguir arrancando quackgrass y promoviendo las plantas nativas. Voy a seguir buscando oportunidades para crear un mejor hábitat en este ecosistema urbano. Y voy a seguir observando los estorninos. Pienso que todavía tengo muchísimo que aprender de ellos.

Historias similares

Cómo cultivar un jardín para las aves en Montana

La naturaleza urbana en Seattle

Dientes de león, el cambio climático y la resiliencia

Escuchando a las voces de las aves

Cabe, Paul R. 2020. European starling, versión 1.0. En Birds of the World (S.M. Billerman, editor). Ithaca, NY: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Recuperado de https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/eursta/cur/introduction

Rothenberg, David. 2006, 1 de abril. Why you can’t teach a starling to sing. Recuperado de https://www.nwf.org/Magazines/National-Wildlife/2006/Why-You-Cant-Teach-a-Starling-to-Sing

The post Aprendiendo de estorninos: ecosistemas urbanos y sus especies appeared first on Wild With Nature.

Nature is all around us, all the time. Wherever we are, we live in an ecosystem. It may be far from pristine. It may be damaged, weedy, lacking in diversity, and filled with traffic. But it’s always present. And it always has something to teach us. It was with those ideas in mind that I began getting to know the starlings in my mom’s yard.

My mom lives in an older neighborhood in urban Missoula, Montana, USA. Over the last five years, she’s planted fruit trees and over 100 species of native plants in her yard, trying to grow her own food and create habitat for a diversity of insects, birds, and other wildlife. 

Last fall was the first strong sign I saw that her hard work was paying off. In September, a flock of western tanagers (Piranga ludoviciana) stopped to eat her grapes. In October, a large group of house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus) and American goldfinches (Spinus tristis) fed on her Rocky Mountain beeplant (Cleome serrulata) seeds, a native annual that has thrived in her yard. Meanwhile, a young white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys) gleaned fallen curlycup gumweed (Grindelia squarrosa) seeds along the street. It was my first real indication that an urban garden this small could make a big difference for wildlife.

Watching the starlings

But let’s face it: this garden is young still, and it’s small. In April, the most evident birds around my mom’s house are the European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). And so, in spite of my biases against this non-native species, so ubiquitous in urban spaces across the US and Canada, I decide to watch the starlings. What can they teach me about this city ecosystem?

What I notice first, even before I start trying to record them with my microphone, is their vocal mimicry. The first frosty morning that I start paying attention to them, as I’m making trips to and from my car, I distinctly hear one mimic a killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) and a northern flicker (Colaptes auratus). That catches my ear. The mimicry is impressive. What other birds might these starlings be imitating?

That afternoon, the starlings are nowhere to be seen. Now I’ve read up on their biology, and I find myself wondering about them. Are they incubating yet? I’ve already seen them entering the nesting cavity that starlings have used in the past, a dilapidated corner of my mom’s roof between bad-fitting wooden boards. Or are they at a local park this afternoon, foraging for invertebrates in the soft earth?

Spring soil

I spend several sunny hours digging in the earth of the garden, feeling out networks of quackgrass rhizomes and uprooting them. Quackgrass (Agropyron repens) is a plant from Eurasia that tries to form turf and poses major competition for native plants; every spring, pulling small mountains of it is one of the big tasks here. As I pull quackgrass, I notice lots of Rocky Mountain beeplant seedlings—the predecessors of this fall’s birdseed. A blackish ground beetle, shimmering with purple, clambers across the soil and slides back into the wood chips. 

At 6:30 pm, a solitary starling lands in a leafless Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila) to the southeast, in a neighbor’s yard across the street. From the elm, this starling’s evening song includes imitations of killdeer, house sparrows (Passer domesticus), and a red-tailed hawk’s (Buteo jamaicensis) scream. In the distance, another starling dives down and disappears at the edge of a neighbor’s roof. Is it another nest? Could there be several pairs nesting in the neighborhood? 

At 6:35, the same starling is still in the Siberian elm, but another glossy blue-black starling has perched on the roof of my mom’s house. This one makes several rather expert imitations of western meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta) song, then flies to a nearby green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) tree. Because of the singing, I’m guessing this is a male. A few minutes later, he flies to the nest cavity in my mom’s roof and I hear another brief bout of song. 

Wetland imitations

Over the next half hour, he continues to sing, and I notice more imitations. Did he spend part of the winter next to a marsh? I can hear him doing recognizable mimicries of Canada goose (Branta canadensis), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), and American coot (Fulica americana) calls. I think I hear him give a Wilson’s snipe’s (Gallinago delicata) alarm call. His western meadowlark songs are quite convincing, and he mews pretty well like a spotted towhee (Pipilo maculatus), too. He also does a very good common nighthawk (Chordeiles minor) imitation. Common nighthawks are long-distance migrants that won’t be showing up here until late May. By imitating the nighthawk, is this starling wishing for the arrival of summer? 

I can’t tell if he has a partner yet. It’s clear that there are several other starlings in the neighborhood, but I haven’t seen any interactions up close. I do see him remove a large piece of wood from the nesting cavity. Later, he perches on the roof with a twig in his beak. None of this sheds light on the situation. Among starlings, males choose and defend a nest cavity; later, a female chooses a male along with his cavity. Until then, this sort of casual, bro-like effort at nest-building is expected behavior. As far as I know, this starling is still a bachelor.

Red-winged blackbird mimicry

Sunrise the next morning is frosty, and I’m bundled up in a mountain of jackets as I sit in the garden with my microphone and binoculars. The starling is singing again from the roof of the house. This morning I hear him mimic the “clear!” calls of a northern flicker. He sings a western meadowlark song again, and adds a red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) song. 

That answers another lingering question I’ve had. Often in the spring, I’ve heard what seemed to be red-winged blackbirds in this urban neighborhood. I’ve been surprised to hear them here, away from any wetlands—their typical habitat—and I’ve wondered if it was starling mimicry. Now I know for sure. Unless I actually see a red-winged blackbird here, from now on I’ll be suspecting starlings when I hear these sounds.

Several other starlings are vocalizing from more-distant perches. Every now and then I see one flying, a pointy-winged dart traversing houses and streets. Where are they going to forage? 

Song sparrows and connectivity

A song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) begins singing from the neighbor’s yard, perching in a young Siberian elm near a clump of lilacs. I move closer, hoping to record him. But he stops singing and flies low into my mom’s yard, among the dead stems of goldenrods and Rocky Mountain beeplants still loaded with seeds. I’m guessing the sparrow is finding seeds here. Earlier this morning, I saw two house finches still foraging in the beeplants, too. At least for seeds, this yard seems to be an important component of the neighborhood’s ecology. And the song sparrow, like the starlings, is showing me something obvious but important about urban yards: they’re connected. Wildlife is using the habitat of this neighborhood as a linked-together whole, not a dissected series of yards defined by changes in property ownership.

Where are the starlings foraging?

As I keep thinking about this theme of food resources and interconnectivity, I decide to check the satellite imagery for the neighborhood. I’m wondering about where the starlings and robins (Turdus migratorius) might be foraging. At this time of year, both species are probably feeding on the ground, hunting invasive earthworms and other plentiful lawn-based invertebrates. I’m guessing they’re probably looking for larger patches of open habitat, where they can feed without having to worry about housecats leaping out from the bushes and fences to ambush them. One of the closest such patches is Montana Rail Link Park, a rather boring triangle of lawn along an abandoned rail line. But it’s something different among this habitat of gridded houses and scattered trees. As the morning warms up, I throw my gear into my backpack and head off to check it out.

At 10:20 am, when I arrive at the park, it’s disappointingly devoid of foraging birds. I haven’t seen any birds feeding in the smaller, more cat-risky lawns that I walked past to get here, either. Several dogs are running off-leash through the park. I imagine they’re posing a certain level of risk to would-be earthworm hunters. I still don’t have any idea where the local robins and starlings are foraging, nor when they’re most actively seeking food. Figuring out these patterns is going to require more observation.

Finding a mate

It’s the same story at 11:00 am when I make it to Franklin Park, another sizeable open space in the neighborhood. I have yet to see a single robin or starling foraging. But I’m happy to see coppery new leaves on the chokecherries (Prunus virginiana) along the irrigation ditch. There are a bunch of eastern box-elder bugs (Boisea trivittata) crawling among the leaf litter below them.

When I return to my mom’s house, I’m surprised to startle a robin, which flies up from the garden. Has it been foraging here? Two starlings fly away from the area of the nesting cavity. I wonder if that fancy song with all of those imitations has finally helped this male attract a mate.

The next morning, I’m surprised to see a flock of five male red-winged blackbirds show up in the neighborhood. They fly directly to the Siberian elm at the edge of my mom’s yard, as if to mock my previous conclusion about their absence. I record them calling and singing for a few minutes—these ones are not starling imitations—and then they all fly north together.

This morning is my first definite indication that the starling has found a mate. Two starlings are busy cruising around the yard, picking up dead grasses and carrying them to the nesting cavity. On the other side of the garden, a pair of notably silent American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) glides down and searches for small branches to carry off. Presumably they’re building a nest in the neighborhood, too.

More imitations

Three days later, there are native plants leafing out all around the garden. Bumblebees are visiting the flowers of the golden currants (Ribes aureum) and Missouri gooseberries (Ribes setosum). I’ve been watching the starlings again this morning. The Siberian elm at the edge of the yard has immature fruits and tiny green leaves now, and the male is perching there and singing. I’m almost sure he’s the same male. I recognize his mimicry now, and mostly it’s the same imitations I’ve been hearing: the spotted towhee and the northern flicker, the killdeer and the common nighthawk, the western meadowlark song. He follows the American coot calls immediately with a black-billed magpie (Pica hudsonia) imitation, something I’ve heard him do several different days now. It seems like the only thing he doesn’t mimic is the dog which has started barking in the background.

This morning he’s added a gull (Larus sp.) imitation and a white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys) song. He even gives the calls of a blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata). His repertoire is impressive. After nearly a week, I’m still hearing new imitations.

Confusing starling behavior

Watching the starlings today, I’m a bit puzzled. The male is making lots of trips to the nesting cavity, carrying dead grasses and leaves. He’s not alone in the garden. There’s a female (I presume) who is watching him from the green ash. I imagine she’s the same female I’ve seen with him before. Once I see her visit the nesting cavity. Twice, after he sings, she approaches him and they mate.

What’s surprising to me is that there’s a third individual in the area, too. I see this interloper perching right next to the female and imitating a red-winged blackbird song. The territorial male responds by singing, but he doesn’t try to chase the intruder away. This is where it would be interesting to give these starlings colored leg bands and track the behaviors of each individual. I’m starting to understand more about starlings, but it still doesn’t take much to utterly confuse me.

Watching how the starlings readily use my mom’s small yard to gather nesting materials, apparently without much concern for cats, makes me think I might have been wrong about their foraging decisions. They’re probably not commuting to a local park. Instead, now I suspect that they’re using whatever neighborhood habitat patches strike their fancy, whenever they get hungry. Of course, that is all just supposition. Once they have nestlings next month, I imagine they’ll be spending more time foraging. Maybe then I’ll be able to confirm whether they’re using these nearby lawns or traveling farther to local parks. Or maybe I’ll be wishing, once again, that they were wearing colored leg bands so that I could track individuals.

Learning from weedy species

Across much of North America, European starlings are ubiquitous and successful city birds. Like dandelions (Taraxacum spp.), rock pigeons (Columba livia), and house sparrows, I think it’s fair to call them a weedy species. Tenacious and adaptable, they seem to survive and even thrive in damaged ecosystems. In more intact habitats, they compete with native species for nesting cavities, displacing bluebirds (Sialia spp.), tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor), and even woodpeckers. They’re a controversial bird, and many people don’t like them.

Starlings are complicated. But they definitely aren’t boring. In just one week, they’ve sung me the imitations of a dozen species. They’ve made me think about nesting behaviors, foraging opportunities, neighborhood killer cats, and how birds might be perceiving and using this city ecosystem. They’ve encouraged me to notice not only the ecosystem I want to see here, with more native plants, insects, and songbirds, but also the ecosystem that exists right now, with its noisy traffic, outdoor cats, and boring lawns where starlings might forage. And for that, I’m grateful to them.

As spring progresses, I’ll keep pulling quackgrass and encouraging native plants. I’ll keep looking for opportunities to create better habitat in this urban ecosystem. And I’ll keep an eye on the starlings. I think I have a lot more to learn from them.

Related reading

Gardening with native plants in Montana

Urban nature in Seattle

Dandelions, climate change, and weedy resiliency

Learning to hear birdsongs

Nature and habitat at the edge of Missoula

Searching for pollinators in my mom’s yard

Cabe, Paul R. 2020. European starling, version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S.M. Billerman, editor). Ithaca, NY: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved from https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/eursta/cur/introduction

Rothenberg, David. 2006, 1 April. Why you can’t teach a starling to sing. Retrieved from https://www.nwf.org/Magazines/National-Wildlife/2006/Why-You-Cant-Teach-a-Starling-to-Sing

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December 7, 2022

When it comes to birds around Missoula, Montana, the Fort Missoula Ponds have a reputation. 

“When you fly over Missoula, you can see these really large bodies of water,” says Jim Brown. 

Once the site of a gravel quarry, the ponds have become a magnet for ducks, shorebirds, and many other creatures. 

In the winter, when the ponds are frozen, the bird activity gets much quieter, just as it does anywhere in Montana. Nevertheless, seven of us have shown up on this snowy afternoon for a bird survey, led by Jim Brown of Five Valleys Audubon Society. It’s a chance to see what’s out here in the cold – and to remember all of the creatures that will be returning in the spring.

We’re just getting started when we spot a red-tailed hawk gliding over the snow-covered grasses. It flares its wings and plunges, landing in the snow. A few seconds later, the hawk is airborne again.

“He’s got something!” Cindy Swidler exclaims. Sure enough, we can see a small rodent – perhaps a vole – in the hawk’s beak. The red-tail flaps back to a ponderosa pine, landing in the top to eat its catch.

From Smlk̓͏ʷsšná to Place of the Killers

Just beyond the pine where the red-tail has landed is the hill known in Salish as Smlk̓͏ʷsšná, a billion-year old block of quartzites and argillites rising sharply above the Bitterroot River. More recently, settlers gave the hill its English name, McCauley Butte. Across from us to the east, on the opposite side of the ponds, is Fort Missoula itself. The Fort, established in 1877, is a newcomer on this landscape compared to Smlk̓͏ʷsšná Butte. But it, too, has a name in Salish. The Fort is known as Sx͏ʷplstwé, “Place of the Killers.” It’s a reminder that Missoula rests on Salish land – land that was taken by military force, not given freely.

And between the Place of the Killers and the striking hill known as Smlk̓͏ʷsšná or McCauley Butte, nestled against the Bitterroot River, are the Fort Missoula Ponds. These two large ponds, ringed with sandbar willows (Salix exigua) and black cottonwoods (Populus balsamifera), are more recent additions to the landscape, the aftermath of a gravel-quarrying operation that mined the river rocks from this area. 

The property known as the Fort Missoula Ponds consists of 86 acres, a mixture of open water and reclaimed grassland. In 2020, the City of Missoula took ownership of the site. For now, the area remains surrounded by a fence and closed to the public. In 2023, the City plans to hold a public input process and decide the future management of the site, considering things like wildlife habitat and recreation.

231 bird species

But even before the City acquired the property, it had become well-known among Missoula-area birders that the Fort Missoula Ponds were special. For six years now, birders have been bringing their spotting scopes and observing the wildlife attracted to these ponds, viewing from outside of the fence. Over that time, they’ve reported an astounding 231 bird species here – making this by far the most species-rich site known for birds in all of Missoula County. 

This impressive list is based on observations that local birders have submitted to eBird, a global platform for tracking and sharing bird sightings that is managed by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Many of these observations are supported by photos. Nevertheless, the City of Missoula was looking for a more robust, consistent survey of the birds using the Fort Missoula Ponds. Was this site really as amazing for bird habitat as the eBird data seemed to suggest? 

So in spring of 2022, the City gave volunteers from Five Valleys Audubon Society permission to access the area and conduct a series of formal bird surveys. And so far, Jim Brown tells me, the Five Valleys Audubon surveys have matched very well with the eBird data.

“In a way, for the City’s sake, that substantiated the eBird dataset,” says Jim.

A diversity of ducks

Today, following our most recent period of subzero temperatures, the ponds are thoroughly ice-covered. Any ducks that are sticking around the area have shifted to the nearby Bitterroot River. But as soon as the temperatures warm in the spring and open water reappears here, the waterfowl will be back.

“As soon as these ponds open up, there’ll be stuff in them,” Jim tells me. 

The eBird list for the Fort Missoula Ponds includes a whopping 33 species of ducks, geese, and swans that birders have seen here over the past few years. And among them are some notable rarities, including long-tailed ducks and surf scoters.

“These are unusual, ocean-going ducks,” Jim continues. 

Around Missoula, this is one of just a few places that birders have found these rare sea ducks.

Winter at the Fort Missoula Ponds

A few black-billed magpies fly out of the willows, flashing their black and white wings. A northern flicker bobs past in flashes of orange and brown. We can see a few rock pigeons perching on a power pole to the north.

It’s the quiet season out here, for sure – but there’s still activity around us. Two bald eagles fly past, an adult and an immature. They seem to be having an argument, diving at each other in midair with their talons extended. They sweep northward in their silent dispute, skimming across a panorama of snowy blue mountains.

The ponds froze fast this year.

“It got cold all of a sudden,” says Jean Duncan.

The cold came so fast, in fact, that a western grebe got stuck in the ice, deprived of the long runway of open water that a grebe needs for takeoff. Last week, the Five Valleys Audubon birding team found it trapped in the ice. But then it disappeared – and today, there’s no sign of it. The group speculates that a bald eagle came in and scavenged the unfortunate grebe.

Along the river

Now we’re past the frozen ponds and approaching the Bitterroot River, flowing tranquilly past the cottonwoods that line both banks. The Salish word for the river is Nstetčcx͏ʷétkʷ, which translates as “Red-osier Dogwood Waters.” And indeed, there are many red-osier dogwoods (Cornus sericea) growing among the cottonwoods here, along with wild rose, hawthorns, and more willows.

Cindy Swidler tells me that farther downstream, there’s a great blue heron rookery in the cottonwoods. Heron rookeries are an incredible sight to behold. To me they look prehistoric, these arrays of massive stick nests high in the trees. During the breeding season, it’s easy to find the impressive gray birds standing or sitting on their nests. 

Don’t get too close, though: heron rookeries are sensitive to disturbance from humans. During the spring and summer, too close of an approach can cause the herons to abandon their nests.

The heron rookery isn’t the only special thing about this river corridor.

“It’s a tremendous area for breeding birds,” Cindy says. “Tremendous.”

Based on the eBird data, just a few of the summer birds commonly found at the Fort Missoula Ponds include calliope hummingbirds, spotted sandpipers, and red-naped sapsuckers. There are gray catbirds, warbling vireos, and eastern kingbirds. The grassland supports western meadowlarks, vesper sparrows, Savannah sparrows, and western bluebirds. It’s a bewildering diversity, far too much to list here – much more than the handful of birds we’re finding on this wintry day.

Life among the cottonwoods

Now we’ve stopped to look at a cottonwood where beavers have been gnawing on the trunk. We can tell the chewing is recent, because there are fresh wood chips on top of the snow. An old Bullock’s oriole nest is hanging from a limb – the sign of yet another of those summer birds that Cindy was talking about.

Kristi DuBois points out another cottonwood, the top of this one dead and broken. 

“Nice woodpecker holes up there,” she comments.

Cottonwoods are very important trees for wildlife, hosting not only woodpeckers and many other cavity-nesters, but also western wood-pewees, least flycatchers, red-eyed vireos, and an incredible diversity of insects. 

We continue farther along the cottonwoods, passing a flock of black-capped chickadees hunting for food in the willows. A narrow wildlife path leads us down to the edge of the river. The water slips past smoothly, and here the winter birding starts to get a bit busier. A belted kingfisher chatters in the distance. Then we notice three common mergansers, drifting near a gravel bar. Eventually they climb out of the water onto a small island. The mergansers mostly hunt fish, though they may also catch other aquatic creatures such as crayfish and frogs.

“They seem to make little runs off of that spit and come back to it,” Jim observes.

A mallard hen paddles amiably against the current nearby. Then we spot three common goldeneyes, diving actively near the mergansers.

Managing for wildlife

The river – and the cottonwoods and red-osier dogwoods along it – make the area around the Fort Missoula Ponds extra-special. More than just an isolated block of habitat, this area is part of an important wildlife corridor that follows the river. Upstream is land owned by the University of Montana. Downstream is a minimally-developed parcel which hosts Learning with Meaning, an educational organization. Beyond that, a conservation easement protects much of McCauley Butte itself. And across the river, just a bit farther downstream, is Maclay Flat, a large public natural area managed by the US Forest Service.

The Fort Missoula Ponds provide a key link in this habitat corridor. 

“It’s a great opportunity to restore an old gravel mine into a productive natural area,” Jim says.

Management for wildlife habitat and recreation can be a tricky balance. 

“There are a lot of people, understandably, that want to come enjoy a pond,” Jim says. 

But in the case of a site that’s so important for birds, Jim maintains, finding this balance is critical. Too much human traffic can drive the birds away. That’s especially true during the warmer months, when the ice has melted from the ponds. Too much love from pedestrians isn’t the only worry: off-leash dogs during the warm season would be especially damaging for wildlife.

“A lot of these migrants that come through here are very sensitive to human disturbance. If you don’t manage that, you’re going to lose them,” says Jim.

Migration at the Fort Missoula Ponds

The diversity of spring and fall migrants that use the Fort Missoula Ponds is especially stunning. Several years, hundreds of snow geese have stopped here. Five species of grebes pass through here commonly, and sometimes birders have spotted a less-common sixth species, the Clark’s grebe. The shorebird diversity is impressive: 18 species have turned up here. And when it comes to warblers, migration brings not just common species such as yellow-rumped and Wilson’s warblers, but also occasional, notable rarities like a black-throated gray and a magnolia warbler. 

Jim explains that Five Valleys Audubon Society hopes that the City will be able to develop public trails in some areas here. Wildlife viewing blinds along the trails would allow the community to see this amazing diversity of birds up-close, while minimizing disturbance to the birds. At the same time, for the sake of the wildlife, the Audubon chapter advocates for maintaining some completely undeveloped areas to serve as safe spaces for this incredible diversity of feathered visitors.

A late migrant

We’re getting ready to leave the river corridor when Jillian Leblow spots a flash of movement as a small songbird flies into the top of a willow. It immediately disappears from sight. We wait several minutes, but it’s as if the bird has vanished entirely.

From the split-second glimpse that I got of its flight, I think it was probably a chickadee. Someone else in our group expresses the same opinion. But Jillian is patient. The rest of us have just about given up when she spots it again, very backlit in the top of the willow.

“I think it’s a ruby-crowned kinglet!” she exclaims.

Ruby-crowned kinglets are insect-eaters that typically migrate to the southern U.S. and Mexico for the winter. After weeks of intense cold, it would be truly surprising to find one in Missoula still at this season. Jillian and I race off towards the willow, changing our angle so the sun isn’t shining directly into our eyes. As we approach, I hear a quick, harsh chatter – the call of a ruby-crowned kinglet! The bird flies into a nearby hawthorn and we both get a definitive look at its white wingbars, olive-gray body, and pointy bill for insect-hunting. A ruby-crowned kinglet indeed!

“I always feel like that’s the benefit of waiting,” Jillian says. “Was it a chickadee?”

In this case, it was something far more unusual.

Herons and American tree sparrows

As we walk back towards the cars, two great blue herons flush from the ice of the ponds. Even in their opaque winter stillness, the Fort Missoula Ponds are attracting birds. Are these two herons some of the same individuals that nest in the rookery here in the summer?

We get back to our cars: today’s survey is over. But then I notice that the weedy mound of dirt near our parking area seems to be crawling. Among the scraggly kochia (Kochia scoparia) that covers this mound, a flock of birds are feeding. They’re American tree sparrows, crisp and beautiful in the stark elegance of their plumage. And they’re giving us an excellent look.

Here we are, seven birders, standing awestruck in an unmarked parking lot at the edge of Missoula. The tree sparrows are busy and unafraid, picking seeds from the ground and from the tops of the kochia plants. One comes even closer to us and works on the crested wheatgrass seedheads, flying at them and bending them down to the snow. There, it proceeds to peck away, stocking up on calories for the cold nights ahead.

Biodiversity at the edge of Missoula

This has been a relatively quiet afternoon for birds – the sort of quiet that we can expect during the cold winter season. But even so, it’s clear that the Fort Missoula Ponds are one of Missoula’s special places for wildlife and nature. We’ve gotten to see tree sparrows gathering seeds, a red-tailed hawk hunting voles or mice, and great blue herons flying up from the frozen ponds. We’ve seen a beautiful cottonwood stand with woodpecker nest holes and at least one oriole nest, hints of this place’s summer abundance. And I’ve gotten to make friends with a remarkable group of Five Valleys Audubon Society volunteers – people who care about this place and can see its potential for wildlife and for the community in the years to come.

In the grand sweep of time, the Fort Missoula Ponds are very recent happenings on this landscape. Sandwiched between the ancient hill known as Smlk̓͏ʷsšná and Sx͏ʷplstwé, the Place of the Killers, these ponds are younger even than Fort Missoula.

But even in the relatively short time of their existence, the birds have found them and responded. The Fort Missoula Ponds area has become a biodiversity hotspot at the edge of Missoula. In a time when, all around the world, wildlife habitat is disappearing rapidly, these ponds provide a ray of hope. And with thoughtful management, they will become even more important for wildlife and the community in the years ahead.

For updates on the birds at the Fort Missoula Ponds, or to volunteer with future bird surveys, get in touch with Five Valleys Audubon Society.

Further reading

Lewis, R.S. (1998). Preliminary geologic map of the Montana part of the Missoula West 30’ x 60’ quadrangle. Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Open-File Report 373, 1 sheet, scale 1:100,000. Retrieved from https://mbmg.mtech.edu/mbmgcat/public/ListCitation.asp?pub_id=11220&

Murdock, Joshua. (2022, 6 Jul). Birders eye prime habitat at Missoula’s Knife River Ponds. The Missoulian. Retrieved from https://missoulian.com/news/local/birders-eye-prime-habitat-at-missoulas-knife-river-ponds/article_df543aec-64c4-5a0b-bcee-61e2bdf8c8a8.html

Séliš-Ql̓ispé Culture Committee. (2019). Nɫʔay, place of the small bull trout. The Missoula area and the Séliš and Ql̓ispé people. Retrieved from https://plateauportal.libraries.wsu.edu/system/files/atoms/file/2019-05-28%20N%C9%AB%CA%94ay%20Missoula%20Valley%20sign.pdf

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October 5, 2022

An orange-crowned warbler and two drab gray yellow-rumped warblers are hunting insects in a chokecherry this morning as its leaves drop softly, one by one, swirling to the moist ground in orange pirouettes. Helena, Montana’s Nature Park is busy with birds this morning, even though in general fall songbird migration is beginning to dwindle. Robins are everywhere, calling energetically as they land in the European mountain-ashes (Sorbus aucuparia) and feed on the bitter orange fruits. A few spotted towhees mew from the chokecherry thickets. A downy woodpecker whinnies occasionally. A large mule deer buck, unafraid here in the safety of the city limits, is thrashing an aspen with his polished antlers.

A slender, medium-sized bird bobs past us on rhythmic wingbeats. A northern flicker, we wonder? No – it’s a Clark’s nutcracker, sleek and gray with narrow white patches in its dark wings. I’m surprised to see this nutcracker – a bird closely associated with our pine forests – in the deciduous habitat of this park. A Clark’s nutcracker in the “wrong” habitat: I love stories like these. Unusual sightings like this remind me to expect the unexpected. Clark’s nutcrackers are birds of pine forests, yes – but like all birds, they move from one patch to the next. Finding a nutcracker at Nature Park is like finding me at Walmart. It doesn’t happen often, but it does happen. 

“So much stuff will just pass through here for a split second,” comments Sarah Kamis, my birding buddy this morning. She tells me about a time several years ago when she spotted a red crossbill – another seed-feeding specialist of the conifer forest – here in Nature Park. 

Birding in the heart of Helena

For Sarah and many other local birders, Nature Park is a special place for birds. These folks have gotten to know this place well over the course of the seasons – and they’ve turned up some amazing stories. Over the years, they’ve documented 18 species of warblers at Nature Park. This is a phenomenal diversity for anywhere in the Helena area – and particularly notable here, in the heart of the city. 

Today, we seem to be at the tail end of the fall white-crowned sparrow migration. Just a couple of chubby, brown-capped immatures are still hiding in the bushes. It’s another reflection of how dynamic migration is: a week and a half ago, Sarah and I found dozens of white-crowned sparrows here, feeding on seeds along the paved trail that runs through the park. Except for the white-crowned sparrows, that day was rather quiet, a lull between waves of southbound songbirds.

An impromptu gathering

September 24, 2022

But even when the birds are quiet, Nature Park is also a great place for impromptu community birding events. And so it was that, on that quiet morning, Sarah and I ran across our birding friends Sharon Dewart-Hansen and Bob Martinka. The slow morning of birding became a morning of storytelling. 

The conversation immediately turned to the impressive diversity of birds that birders have found here over the years. It all started in 2019, when Sarah spotted a rare black-throated gray warbler here, flitting through the bushes with some chickadees. Black-throated gray warblers typically spend the summers south of us, in dry oak and juniper patches in the Great Basin. But in August 2019, the out-of-place bird stayed around for over two weeks. Many local birders got to see it. And from then on, Nature Park was “on the map” for Helena birders.

Since then, Helena’s birders have gotten to know this park very well. When Sarah found the black-throated gray warbler, the bird list for Nature Park stood at just 85 species. Three years later, with all of the attention from local birders, the list is up to a whopping 147 species. It’s an incredible diversity – especially considering that Nature Park is in the middle of the city, and it lacks the extensive wetland habitats that would otherwise attract many more species of ducks and marsh birds.

Changes through the seasons

This morning, Bob had arrived at the park earlier than the rest of us, so he gave us his morning bird report and then took his leave. Bob’s observations confirmed our hunch – it was a slow day for fall migrants. He had seen a handful of Wilson’s warblers, Lincoln’s sparrows, and ruby-crowned kinglets. And, of course, there were the white-crowned sparrows. But otherwise, most of the migrant songbirds seemed to be elsewhere this morning.

As Sarah, Sharon, and I continued onwards through the quiet morning, they showed me a knothole in an aspen where a house wren had nested several years ago. Now the house wrens no longer nest here – they only stop at Nature Park during spring and fall migration. Why? Sharon wondered if increased numbers of pedestrians in the park have deterred the wrens from nesting.

Here at the end of September, the chokecherry bushes were already bare of fruits. Sharon told us that a horde of robins had come through the park several weeks before and devoured them all. Meanwhile, she pointed out, the magpies had returned to the park. For some reason, the magpies were nearly absent over the summer. But now they were back, perhaps taking advantage of the seeds that people feed the chipmunks.

Warblers, aphids, and crayfish

We passed by the spot along the creek where, in September 2020, Sharon and several other birders spotted two other rare birds: a chestnut-sided warbler and a black-and-white warbler. It’s a thicket of chokecherries and other shrubs along a gully: a patch of shrubs just like many others around Helena. But Sharon’s story reminded us that among these patches of shrubs, there’s often more than meets the eye.

Farther along, we stopped at an overlook where we could see the understory vegetation along the stream, a mixture of dock (Rumex sp.) and burdock (Arctium sp.). In past years, Sharon told us, there was more dock and less burdock here. She would often see various warblers among the glossy leaves, feeding on aphids. More recently, this patch has become much quieter. The dock population has shrunk, the burdock has increased, and the aphids have apparently disappeared. And so, it seems, have the birds.

We continued to where the creek, strewn with bits of trash and debris from the spring floods, crosses under the trail in a culvert. Might there be crayfish in the pool below the culvert?, Sarah wondered. We walked down the hill and checked the boulders around the pool. No crayfish here, it seemed. There are crayfish at the K-Mart Ponds (another local hotspot for birding), though, my companions told me. Sarah has seen them hiding in the water control structure at the outlet, and Sharon has watched red-necked grebes eating them.

Walking through Nature Park

Nature Park is a special place for birds. Every cottonwood, every aspen, and every chokecherry holds stories. Some days, during the height of migration, this place can be spectacular for birds. But even on quieter days, there’s always something to see, something to learn, and innumerable stories to remember. 

So this fall, I invite you to take a walk through Nature Park. Notice the seasons changing, and keep your eyes and ears open for the birds. And if you show up early in the morning, there’s a good chance you’ll find a friendly local birder with a wealth of stories about this place. I’ll see you there.

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September 13, 2022

It’s the sort of day when Spokane Bay is covered with birds and anything seems possible. A great blue heron is wading in the shallows, stalking prey. I can’t see what it’s catching, but every few steps it plunges its beak forward, stabbing a small food item from the water. In the cattail marsh behind the heron, the common yellowthroats are chipping constantly as they dart cryptically through the stems. The cattail leaves are just beginning to turn yellow.

Closer to me, there are dozens of birds in the low thicket of snowberry, rose, and golden currant that borders the marsh. It’s a talkative community, but one that largely stays hidden. With some patience, though, a few of these birds begin to show themselves among the shrubs. There are fat, gray song sparrows making their chimp calls. The Lincoln’s sparrows, their smaller, more crisply-streaked cousins, are pausing here as well. Once in a while, I can hear their sharp zeet calls. There are young, drab white-crowned sparrows here, along with bright yellow Wilson’s warblers. Several gray catbirds pop up from the cover of the snowberry, one of them making an emphatic, sharp call.

Fall migration is in full swing now – in spite of the wildfire smoke, which is back after a few days of respite late last week. And with all of the birds on the move, Spokane Bay is bursting with activity.

Food among the algae

A sora rail has crept out from the cattails that border the shallows of the bay. It looks like a small chicken as it wades out on top of a mat of green algae, picking mysterious foods from among this carpet. A marsh wren has started singing from the cattails.

Farther out on the bay, the algae has decreased notably since last week. Perhaps the cool nights have discouraged its growth. More ducks are showing up on the bay: a handful of American wigeons and northern shovelers have joined the mallards and mergansers here.

Suddenly, a merlin makes a low pass over the marsh, a whoosh of fast-winged falcon trying to hunt lunch. The birds of the marsh have lucked out this time: they’re all well-hidden by the snowberry and cattails. The merlin continues on, and the momentary threat of sudden death has passed.

Merlins, sharp-shins, and peregrines

With all of the songbirds and ducks stopping here, Spokane Bay is getting to be a predator magnet. Just a few minutes ago, I spotted a sharp-shinned hawk circling over the bay, rising higher and higher on a thermal. And still earlier, I spotted a much larger predator here.

I had been hearing the nasal calls of the magpies for a while, absentmindedly. Finally, I decided to take a look at the group that was perching high on the ridge. What were they doing? That was when I saw ten black-billed magpies congregated around a large, dark raptor perched on a snag. It was a peregrine falcon: duck-hunter extraordinaire and incredibly long-distance migrant. Some peregrines from the Canadian tundra spend the winter in Buenos Aires, Argentina, hunting pigeons and bats over the streets of that massive city.

But today, it was clear that this peregrine wasn’t enjoying an easy meal of city pigeons. In fact, it seemed to be having a very bad morning. For a while, the falcon resolutely managed to ignore the harassment of the magpies. But finally, it was all too much. The peregrine took off, evidently irritated, heading south along the ridgeline. A hundred yards away it landed again, apparently hoping for some peace, but the magpies followed it like a cloud of bad news. Pestered to desperation, it took off again and continued south, out of sight. But minutes later, it was back, still trailing a cloud of determined, hostile magpies.

Predators and habitat

Why were the magpies being so hostile?

Peregrines don’t just eat ducks. And it seemed that these magpies knew in their bones what I had learned five years before, on the other side of the Helena Valley. On that October day, I watched a migrating peregrine capture an unwitting magpie, plowing into it in a high-speed dive. Today, the message of the magpies was clear: get out! You aren’t welcome here.

It’s on a day like this, when we’re surrounded by fall migration, that the importance of habitat becomes especially obvious. All of the birds stopping over here are hungry. They need sources of food – and hiding places where they can be safe from merlins and peregrines. At the same time, these migrating merlins and peregrines need to hunt: they also have an incredible migration to fuel.

How fortunate, then, that we have cattail stands to feed and shelter the common yellowthroats and marsh wrens. We have an aquatic food web that supports soras, ducks, and great blue herons. We have thickets of shrubs where dozens of sparrows and Wilson’s warblers can find food and hide from predators. And in the midst of this bird oasis, there’s also food for the falcons and hawks. I’m glad this is here.

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