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		<title>Attacked by pygmy nuthatches: unusual behavior in the ponderosas</title>
		<link>https://wildwithnature.com/2022/11/11/pygmy-nuthatches/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=pygmy-nuthatches</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Shane Sater]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 11 Nov 2022 22:01:34 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Birds]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[English-language stories]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dryobates villosus]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Junco hyemalis]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Loxia curvirostra]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[mixed-species flocks]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Myadestes townsendi]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nucifraga columbiana]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pinus ponderosa]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Sitta pygmaea]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[<p>October 26, 2022 It was one of the more curious things I’ve observed in the ponderosa pine forest. At first the interaction seemed peaceful. A [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://wildwithnature.com/2022/11/11/pygmy-nuthatches/">Attacked by pygmy nuthatches: unusual behavior in the ponderosas</a> appeared first on <a href="https://wildwithnature.com">Wild With Nature</a>.</p>
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<figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized"><a href="https://wildwithnature.com/2022/11/11/atacado-por-bajopalos-enanos/"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="706" height="181" src="http://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/bilingual-en-2.jpg" alt="Bilingual nature podcast" class="wp-image-3486" style="width:auto;height:100px" srcset="https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/bilingual-en-2.jpg 706w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/bilingual-en-2-300x77.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 706px) 100vw, 706px" /></a></figure>



<p><iframe src="https://anchor.fm/shane-sater/embed/episodes/Attacked-by-pygmy-nuthatches---unusual-behavior-in-the-ponderosas-e1qlct4" height="102px" width="400px" frameborder="0" scrolling="no"></iframe></p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color"><strong>October 26, 2022</strong></p>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignright size-large is-resized"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="856" src="http://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/DSC_0049-1024x856.jpg" alt="A pygmy nuthatch flying upwards after dive-bombing the hairy woodpecker. Photo courtesy of Rachel Ritacco, Ritacco Photography." class="wp-image-1409" style="width:512px;height:undefinedpx" srcset="https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/DSC_0049-1024x856.jpg 1024w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/DSC_0049-300x251.jpg 300w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/DSC_0049-768x642.jpg 768w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/DSC_0049.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">A pygmy nuthatch flying upwards after dive-bombing the hairy woodpecker. Photo courtesy of Rachel Ritacco, <a href="https://www.ritaccophotography.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ritacco Photography</a>.</figcaption></figure>
</div>


<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">It was one of the more curious things I’ve observed in the ponderosa pine forest. At first the interaction seemed peaceful. A very active flock of pygmy nuthatches were flitting back and forth between a large orange ponderosa pine snag and a live ponderosa nearby. Lower on the snag, a male hairy woodpecker was foraging. The musical <em>pedeep</em> calls of the pygmy nuthatches alternated with the deep, rhythmic tapping of the woodpecker.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">But then, the calls of the pygmy nuthatches intensified. Four or five of them were suddenly swarming around the much larger woodpecker. In determined, short, circular flights, they dove at him from the dead branches of the snag.</p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Within a minute of this apparently hostile encounter, the hairy woodpecker abandoned the snag and flew to a live ponderosa pine 30 yards away. The nuthatches followed. Photographer <a href="https://www.ritaccophotography.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rachel Ritacco</a>, my field buddy this morning, traded raised eyebrows with me. “Did we really just see that?” we wondered.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Fall birds in the ponderosa forest</h3>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignright size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="768" src="http://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/PXL_20221026_152316368-1024x768.jpg" alt="The open ponderosa pine forest of the Scratchgravel Hills near the Head Lane Trailhead." class="wp-image-1410" style="width:512px;height:undefinedpx" srcset="https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/PXL_20221026_152316368-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/PXL_20221026_152316368-300x225.jpg 300w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/PXL_20221026_152316368-768x576.jpg 768w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/PXL_20221026_152316368-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/PXL_20221026_152316368.jpg 1550w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The open ponderosa pine forest of the Scratchgravel Hills near the Head Lane Trailhead.</figcaption></figure>
</div>


<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">We were out in the open ponderosa pine (<em>Pinus ponderosa</em>) forest of the Scratchgravel Hills on this frosty morning, at the Head Lane Trailhead near Helena, Montana. Our goals for the morning were flexible. We were hoping to find some birds, learn something new about the natural world outside our doors, and perhaps get some good photos.</p>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignright size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="683" src="http://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/DSC_0014-1024x683.jpg" alt="Morning frost on a rosette of mullein leaves (Verbascum thapsus)." class="wp-image-1411" style="width:512px;height:undefinedpx" srcset="https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/DSC_0014-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/DSC_0014-300x200.jpg 300w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/DSC_0014-768x512.jpg 768w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/DSC_0014.jpg 1200w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Morning frost on a rosette of mullein leaves (Verbascum thapsus). Photo courtesy of Rachel Ritacco, <a href="https://www.ritaccophotography.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ritacco Photography</a>.</figcaption></figure>
</div>


<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Until now, our bird sightings this morning had been more or less what I tend to expect in mature ponderosa pine forest in the fall. Some dark-eyed juncos had twittered at us from the mostly-leafless chokecherries in the draw. We had heard a Townsend’s solitaire making its <em>heep</em> calls from time to time, defending its precious winter supply of juniper berries. </p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">We had gotten distant looks at some of the pine-forest specialists we hope to find in ponderosa stands like this one. A pygmy nuthatch flock had hopped from tree to tree with little concern for us, then faded rapidly into the distance. We had heard the raucous, nasal squawks of the Clark’s nutcrackers. And a small flock of red crossbills had flown past, making a crisp chorus of <em>chips</em>.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Pygmy nuthatches and more</h3>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignright size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="857" src="http://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/73020491-1024x857.jpg" alt="Pygmy nuthatch." class="wp-image-1412" style="width:512px;height:undefinedpx" srcset="https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/73020491-1024x857.jpg 1024w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/73020491-300x251.jpg 300w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/73020491-768x643.jpg 768w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/73020491-1536x1285.jpg 1536w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/73020491.jpg 1600w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Pygmy nuthatch.</figcaption></figure>
</div>


<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">It was only as we returned to the trailhead itself that we really got into some major bird activity. All of a sudden, the pygmy nuthatches were everywhere around us. From a smaller pine, a white-breasted nuthatch gave its laughing call. A male hairy woodpecker tapped emphatically, and a mountain chickadee wheezed in the background.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">It was then that we witnessed the pygmy nuthatches diving at the hairy woodpecker, chasing him away. What was this about? I couldn&#8217;t remember ever noticing an interaction like this before.</p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">I often see mixed-species flocks in the ponderosa forest during the quiet season. Nuthatches, chickadees, a woodpecker or two, and perhaps some crossbills will drift through together, foraging for pine seeds and insects.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">These flocks rarely stay still for long. The birding experience is generally one of frenetic activity followed by periods of silence. The birds pass through in their groups, like schools of fish, leaving a quiet forest in their wake.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Why mixed-species flocks?</h3>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignright size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="769" src="http://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/66877581-1024x769.jpg" alt="Besides nuthatches, chickadees (such as this mountain chickadee) can often be found in mixed-species flocks." class="wp-image-1413" style="width:512px;height:undefinedpx" srcset="https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/66877581-1024x769.jpg 1024w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/66877581-300x225.jpg 300w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/66877581-768x577.jpg 768w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/66877581.jpg 1200w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Besides nuthatches, chickadees (such as this mountain chickadee) can often be found in mixed-species flocks.</figcaption></figure>
</div>


<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Mixed-species flocking is a well-documented phenomenon, and it&#8217;s common to see. But why join one of these flocks? The reasons depend a lot on the species of birds involved and the situation. But typically, it involves <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.01.013" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">avoiding predators and finding food</a>. More sets of eyes &#8211; and different eyes &#8211; reduce the danger of getting picked off by a merlin, a northern pygmy-owl, or a sharp-shinned hawk. Meanwhile, different foraging strategies keep competition low. Birds may also learn from other species in the flock about which trees are most food-rich, or they may take advantage of insects scared into movement by the passage of another bird. They may even steal food from another species, such as the <a href="http://wildwithnature.com/2022/10/27/lake-helena-ducks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gadwalls that often associate with flocks of coots</a> on our lakes.</p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">But here were these pygmy nuthatches, vigorously attacking their supposed flock collaborator, the hairy woodpecker. Why? </p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">To try to answer this, let&#8217;s start by taking a look at the biology of these species.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Food and sociality</h3>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignright size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="769" src="http://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/73020621-1024x769.jpg" alt="A pygmy nuthatch manipulating a food item." class="wp-image-1414" style="width:512px;height:undefinedpx" srcset="https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/73020621-1024x769.jpg 1024w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/73020621-300x225.jpg 300w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/73020621-768x577.jpg 768w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/73020621.jpg 1200w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">A pygmy nuthatch manipulating a food item.</figcaption></figure>
</div>


<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Pygmy nuthatches are habitat specialists in ponderosa pine forests and similar areas across western North America. They hunt the pines for weevils, leaf beetles, and other insects, which make up most of their diet. They also feed on pine seeds. During the winter, they may focus more heavily on these seeds. Pygmy nuthatches commonly cache food items in pine trees for later use. They’re strongly communal birds, traveling in family groups and joining up with other nuthatch families during the cold season.</p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Hairy woodpeckers tend to stay solitary or travel in pairs. When they join mixed-species flocks, they usually stay at the edges. They hunt the trunks of trees for bark-boring beetles and ants. To a smaller extent, they also feed on seeds and fruits.</p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">So why were these pygmy nuthatches chasing the hairy woodpecker? From the context and the biology, here is what I suspect.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Pygmy nuthatches defending their food</h3>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignright size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="847" src="http://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/DSC_0042-1024x847.jpg" alt="Another of the pygmy nuthatches diving towards the hairy woodpecker (who is mostly hidden behind a branch, lower right). Photo courtesy of Rachel Ritacco, Ritacco Photography." class="wp-image-1415" style="width:512px;height:undefinedpx" srcset="https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/DSC_0042-1024x847.jpg 1024w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/DSC_0042-300x248.jpg 300w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/DSC_0042-768x635.jpg 768w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/DSC_0042.jpg 1200w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Another of the pygmy nuthatches diving towards the hairy woodpecker (who is mostly hidden behind a branch, lower right). Photo courtesy of Rachel Ritacco, <a href="https://www.ritaccophotography.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ritacco Photography</a>.</figcaption></figure>
</div>


<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">The upper half of this ponderosa snag was riddled with round, marble-sized holes. While we watched them, the members of the nuthatch flock flew regularly between the snag and a nearby, living ponderosa. And over the 20 minutes that followed the departure of the woodpecker, we watched a handful of nuthatches return to the top of the snag several more times.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">As mentioned earlier, pygmy nuthatches are food-cachers. I believe they were storing pine seeds, or perhaps insects, in the bark of this snag. As the hairy woodpecker inched his way up the tree, using his powerful bill to chip off pine bark, he threatened the nuthatches’ food supply. And in a rapid, well-coordinated defense, the nuthatches drove him away, preserving their carefully-cached food.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Infinite puzzles</h3>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Is this actually why the nuthatches chased the woodpecker away? It’s the most believable explanation I’ve come up with so far, but by no means am I certain. As I researched this topic, I was impressed by the complexity of mixed-species flocking behavior. It’s a common and familiar phenomenon to most birders &#8211; but there’s so much going on in every one of these flocks. It’s actually really difficult to investigate what’s happening during mixed-flock interactions &#8211; let alone “why” birds are behaving how they are.</p>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignright size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="768" src="http://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/PXL_20221026_163626046-1024x768.jpg" alt="The ponderosa pine snag that the pygmy nuthatches chased the woodpecker away from." class="wp-image-1416" style="width:512px;height:undefinedpx" srcset="https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/PXL_20221026_163626046-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/PXL_20221026_163626046-300x225.jpg 300w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/PXL_20221026_163626046-768x576.jpg 768w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/PXL_20221026_163626046-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/PXL_20221026_163626046.jpg 1600w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The ponderosa pine snag that the pygmy nuthatches chased the woodpecker away from.</figcaption></figure>
</div>


<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Whenever we’re out in nature, we’re surrounded by an infinite depth of stories. Every so often, there are moments like this. Pygmy nuthatches mobbing a hairy woodpecker: it was something that didn’t match with my simplistic understanding of mixed-species winter flocks. And in the search for an explanation, I came up with a clearer idea of how little I really know.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">What <em>are</em> those nuthatches, hairy woodpeckers, and other flocking birds really doing? When and why do apparently peaceful interactions between species in a flock change to hostile ones? And are there different, equally plausible explanations for what we saw on this day?</p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Next time you run across a mixed-species flock, take a few minutes to really watch them. What <em>are</em> they doing? Think about what each species is finding to eat. How are they scanning for predators? How are they communicating?&nbsp;</p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Let me know what you notice! I also look forward to hearing any thoughts you have about the behavior of the pygmy nuthatches.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color">Further reading</h3>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Harrison, N.M. &amp; Whitehouse, M.J. (2011). Mixed-species flocks: an example of niche construction? <em>Animal Behaviour</em> 81(4):675-682. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.01.013">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.01.013</a></p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Jackson, J.A., Ouellet, H.R., &amp; Jackson, B.J. (2020). Hairy woodpecker (<em>Dryobates villosus</em>). <em>In</em> Birds of the World Online (P.G. Rodewald &amp; F.B. Gill editors). Ithaca, NY: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. <a href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/">https://birdsoftheworld.org/</a></p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Kingery, H.E. &amp; Ghalambor, C.K. (2020). Pygmy nuthatch (<em>Sitta pygmaea</em>). <em>In</em> Birds of the World Online (P.G. Rodewald &amp; F.B. Gill editors). Ithaca, NY: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. <a href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/">https://birdsoftheworld.org/</a></p>
<p>The post <a href="https://wildwithnature.com/2022/11/11/pygmy-nuthatches/">Attacked by pygmy nuthatches: unusual behavior in the ponderosas</a> appeared first on <a href="https://wildwithnature.com">Wild With Nature</a>.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>Atacado por bajopalos enanos: una sorpresa en los pinos</title>
		<link>https://wildwithnature.com/2022/11/11/atacado-por-bajopalos-enanos/?utm_source=rss&#038;utm_medium=rss&#038;utm_campaign=atacado-por-bajopalos-enanos</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Shane Sater]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 11 Nov 2022 18:27:00 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Aves]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Historias en español]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dryobates villosus]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Junco hyemalis]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Loxia curvirostra]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[mixed-species flocks]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Myadestes townsendi]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nucifraga columbiana]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pinus ponderosa]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Poecile gambeli]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ponderosa pine]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Scratchgravel Hills]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sitta pygmaea]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://wildwithnature.com/?p=3183</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>26 de octubre de 2022 Fue una de las cosas más curiosas que nunca he observado en el bosque de pinos ponderosas (Pinus ponderosa). Al [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://wildwithnature.com/2022/11/11/atacado-por-bajopalos-enanos/">Atacado por bajopalos enanos: una sorpresa en los pinos</a> appeared first on <a href="https://wildwithnature.com">Wild With Nature</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized"><a href="https://wildwithnature.com/2022/11/11/pygmy-nuthatches/"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="734" height="188" src="http://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/bilingual-es-2.jpg" alt="Podcast bilingüe de la naturaleza" class="wp-image-3489" style="width:auto;height:100px" srcset="https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/bilingual-es-2.jpg 734w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/bilingual-es-2-300x77.jpg 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 734px) 100vw, 734px" /></a></figure>



<p><iframe loading="lazy" src="https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/shane-sater/embed/episodes/Atacado-por-bajopalos-enanos-una-sorpresa-en-los-pinos-e2dcc68/a-aaoiq48" height="102px" width="400px" frameborder="0" scrolling="no"></iframe></p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color"><strong>26 de octubre de 2022</strong></p>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignright size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="856" src="http://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/DSC_0049-1024x856.jpg" alt="A pygmy nuthatch flying upwards after dive-bombing the hairy woodpecker. Photo courtesy of Rachel Ritacco, Ritacco Photography." class="wp-image-1409" style="width:512px;height:undefinedpx" srcset="https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/DSC_0049-1024x856.jpg 1024w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/DSC_0049-300x251.jpg 300w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/DSC_0049-768x642.jpg 768w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/DSC_0049.jpg 1200w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Un bajopalos enano vuela para arriba después de lanzarse hacia el carpintero albinegro mayor. Foto provista por Rachel Ritacco, <a href="https://www.ritaccophotography.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ritacco Photography</a>.</figcaption></figure>
</div>


<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Fue una de las cosas más curiosas que nunca he observado en el bosque de pinos ponderosas (<em>Pinus ponderosa</em>). Al inicio, la interacción pareció pacífica. Una bandada muy activa de bajopalos enanos (<em>Sitta pygmaea</em>) volaba de un lado a otro entre un gran pino ponderosa muerto con corteza anaranjada y un cercano pino ponderosa vivo. Más debajo en el pino muerto, un carpintero albinegro mayor (<em>Dryobates villosus</em>) forrajeaba. Los llamados musicales de los bajopalos enanos—<em>&#8220;¡pidip!&#8221;—</em>se alternaban con el golpeteo grave y rítmico del carpintero. &nbsp;</p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Pero entonces, los llamados de los bajopalos enanos se intensificaron. De repente, cuatro o cinco de ellos estaban revoloteando alrededor del mucho más grande carpintero. Se lanzaban hacia él en cortos vuelos desde las ramas del pino muerto.</p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Dentro de un minuto después de este encuentro aparentemente hostil, el carpintero albinegro mayor abandonó el pino muerto y voló hacia un pino ponderosa vivo, 30 metros lejos. Los bajopalos enanos lo siguieron. La fotógrafa <a href="https://www.ritaccophotography.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rachel Ritacco</a>, mi compañera en el campo esta mañana, cruzó miradas conmigo con las cejas levantadas. &#8220;¿Realmente acabamos de ver esto?&#8221; nos preguntamos. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Las aves del otoño en el bosque de pinos ponderosas</h3>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignright size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="768" src="http://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/PXL_20221026_152316368-1024x768.jpg" alt="The open ponderosa pine forest of the Scratchgravel Hills near the Head Lane Trailhead." class="wp-image-1410" style="width:512px;height:undefinedpx" srcset="https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/PXL_20221026_152316368-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/PXL_20221026_152316368-300x225.jpg 300w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/PXL_20221026_152316368-768x576.jpg 768w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/PXL_20221026_152316368-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/PXL_20221026_152316368.jpg 1550w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">El bosque abierto de pino ponderosa de los Scratchgravel Hills cerca del punto de partida de Head Lane.</figcaption></figure>
</div>


<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Esta mañana escarchada estábamos dentro de un bosque abierto de pino ponderosa (<em>Pinus ponderosa</em>) en las colinas que se llaman los Scratchgravel Hills, cerca del punto de partida de Head Lane, donde los senderos comienzan, unas millas lejos de Helena, Montana, EE.UU. Nuestro propósito para la mañana era flexible. Esperábamos encontrar algunas aves, aprender algo nuevo sobre el mundo natural fuera de nuestras casas y tal vez tomar algunas fotos buenas.</p>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignright size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="683" src="http://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/DSC_0014-1024x683.jpg" alt="Morning frost on a rosette of mullein leaves (Verbascum thapsus)." class="wp-image-1411" style="width:512px;height:undefinedpx" srcset="https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/DSC_0014-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/DSC_0014-300x200.jpg 300w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/DSC_0014-768x512.jpg 768w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/DSC_0014.jpg 1200w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">La helada matutina adorna una roseta basal de las hojas del gordolobo (Verbascum thapsus). Foto provista por Rachel Ritacco, <a href="https://www.ritaccophotography.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ritacco Photography</a>.</figcaption></figure>
</div>


<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Hasta que vimos la interacción entre los bajopalos enanos y el carpintero, las aves que habíamos visto habían sido más o menos las que yo anticipaba por la estación otoñal dentro de cualquier bosque maduro de pino ponderosa. Unos juncos ojos negros (<em>Junco hyemalis</em>) habían piado desde los capulines (<em>Prunus virginiana</em>) sin hojas en una quebrada. De vez en cuando habíamos escuchado un clarín norteño (<em>Myadestes townsendi</em>) dando sus llamados <em>&#8220;jip,&#8221;</em> defendiendo su suministro invernal de bayas del enebro (<em>Juniperus scopulorum</em>). </p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Habíamos conseguido vistazos distantes de algunas aves especializadas del bosque de pino, especies que siempre esperamos ver cuando pasamos tiempo en parches de pino ponderosa como esto. Una bandada de bajopalos enanos había saltado de árbol a árbol sin preocuparse por nosotros, desapareciendo rápidamente en la distancia. Habíamos escuchado los graznidos estridentes de los cascanueces americanos (<em>Nucifraga columbiana</em>). Y una pequeña parvada de picotuertos rojos (<em>Loxia curvirostra</em>) nos había sobrevolado, llamando &#8220;<em>chip chip</em>&#8221; secamente a coro.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Los bajopalos enanos y más</h3>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignright size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="857" src="http://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/73020491-1024x857.jpg" alt="Pygmy nuthatch." class="wp-image-1412" style="width:512px;height:undefinedpx" srcset="https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/73020491-1024x857.jpg 1024w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/73020491-300x251.jpg 300w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/73020491-768x643.jpg 768w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/73020491-1536x1285.jpg 1536w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/73020491.jpg 1600w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Un bajopalos enano.</figcaption></figure>
</div>


<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Sólo fue cuando casi habíamos regresado al punto de partida que realmente empezamos a encontrar bastante actividad de aves. De repente, los bajopalos enanos estaban por todas partes alrededor de nosotros. Y la actividad comprendía mucho más que sólo bajopalos enanos: era una bandada mixta de aves. Un bajopalos pecho blanco (<em>Sitta caroliniensis</em>) daba su llamado riente desde un pino pequeño. Escuchábamos un carpintero albinegro mayor macho golpeteando. Un carbonero cejas blancas (<em>Poecile gambeli</em>) daba su llamado, que suena como un resuello, en el fondo. &nbsp;</p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Fue entonces que vimos los bajopalos enanos empezar a lanzarse hacia el carpintero albinegro mayor y ahuyentarlo. ¿De qué se trataba esto? Para mí, fue algo muy inesperado. No tenía ninguna memoria de ver una interacción así en el pasado. Y resultó que, para tratar de entender qué habíamos visto, yo tendría que reexaminar todo lo que pensé que sabía de las bandadas mixtas de aves.</p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">A menudo veo bandadas mixtas, compuestas de una mezcla de especies de aves, en el bosque de pinos ponderosas durante la estación no reproductiva. Es común que varios bajopalos y carboneros, uno o dos carpinteros y tal vez unos picotuertos rojos pasen juntos por los árboles, buscando insectos y semillas de pino. </p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Rara vez se ve estas bandadas sin que estén en marcha. La experiencia de observarlas generalmente consiste en estar inmerso en un ajetreo intenso que está seguido por periodos largos de silencio. Las aves pasan en bandadas, como bancos de peces, dejando un bosque callado atrás. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">¿Por qué bandadas mixtas? </h3>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignright size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="769" src="http://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/66877581-1024x769.jpg" alt="Besides nuthatches, chickadees (such as this mountain chickadee) can often be found in mixed-species flocks." class="wp-image-1413" style="width:512px;height:undefinedpx" srcset="https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/66877581-1024x769.jpg 1024w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/66877581-300x225.jpg 300w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/66877581-768x577.jpg 768w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/66877581.jpg 1200w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Además de los bajopalos, los carboneros (tales como este carbonero cejas blancas) a menudo se encuentran en bandadas mixtas.</figcaption></figure>
</div>


<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">El fenómeno de las bandadas mixtas de aves es bien documentado y comúnmente visto. Pero ¿por qué las aves se unen a una bandada mixta? Las razones dependen mucho de la situación y de las especies participantes. Pero típicamente, tiene que ver con <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.01.013" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evitar depredadores o encontrar alimento</a>. Una bandada tiene más ojos que un individuo—y tipos diferentes de ojos—lo que reduce el peligro de ser cazado por un depredador como un halcón esmerejón (<em>Falco columbarius</em>), un tecolote serranero (<em>Glaucidium gnoma</em>) o un gavilán pecho canela (<em>Accipiter striatus</em>). </p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Mientras tanto, las estrategias diferentes de forrajear que tienen especies diferentes pueden mantener los niveles de competencia bajos entre sí. También es posible que las aves aprendan de los otros miembros de la bandada cuáles árboles tienen más alimento, o que cacen los insectos ahuyentados por los movimientos de otras aves. Hasta puede ser que una especie le robe el alimento de otra especie, como <a href="https://wildwithnature.com/2022/10/27/lago-helena-patos/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">los patos frisos que a menudo andan con las bandadas de gallaretas americanas</a> en los lagos.</p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Pero hoy veíamos estos bajopalos enanos atacando a un carpintero albinegro mayor, su supuesto colaborador en la bandada mixta. ¿Por qué?</p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Para intentar contestar esta pregunta, empecemos considerando la biología de estas especies.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">El alimento y el gregarismo</h3>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignright size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="769" src="http://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/73020621-1024x769.jpg" alt="A pygmy nuthatch manipulating a food item." class="wp-image-1414" style="width:512px;height:undefinedpx" srcset="https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/73020621-1024x769.jpg 1024w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/73020621-300x225.jpg 300w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/73020621-768x577.jpg 768w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/73020621.jpg 1200w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Un bajopalos enano manipula un trozo de alimento.</figcaption></figure>
</div>


<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Los bajopalos enanos son aves especializadas de los bosques de pino ponderosa y de hábitats similares del occidente de Norteamérica, desde la Columbia Británica de Canadá hasta las montañas de Morelos, México. Cazan gorgojos, escarabajos de las hojas y otros insectos entre los pinos. Estos insectos constituyen la mayoría de su dieta; también se alimentan de semillas de pino. Durante el invierno, por lo menos en algunas regiones, se centran más en alimentarse de estas semillas. Es común que guarden alimento en los pinos para consumir luego. Son aves bastante sociales que andan en grupos familiares. Durante la estación fría, se unen con otras familias de bajopalos.</p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Los carpinteros albinegros mayores, por otro lado, suelen andar solitarios o en pares. Cuando se unen a las bandadas mixtas, generalmente se mantienen en la periferia. Cazan escarabajos descortezadores u hormigas en los troncos de los árboles. Hasta cierto punto, también se alimentan de semillas y frutas. </p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Entonces ¿por qué ahuyentaban los bajopalos enanos al carpintero? Según el contexto y la biología, esto es lo que sospecho.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Los bajopalos enanos defendiendo su alimento</h3>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignright size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="847" src="http://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/DSC_0042-1024x847.jpg" alt="Another of the pygmy nuthatches diving towards the hairy woodpecker (who is mostly hidden behind a branch, lower right). Photo courtesy of Rachel Ritacco, Ritacco Photography." class="wp-image-1415" style="width:512px;height:undefinedpx" srcset="https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/DSC_0042-1024x847.jpg 1024w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/DSC_0042-300x248.jpg 300w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/DSC_0042-768x635.jpg 768w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/DSC_0042.jpg 1200w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Otro bajopalos enano se lanza hacia el carpintero albinegro mayor (que está mayoritariamente escondido detrás de una rama en la parte inferior derecha de la foto). Foto provista por Rachel Ritacco, <a href="https://www.ritaccophotography.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ritacco Photography</a>.</figcaption></figure>
</div>


<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">La mitad superior de este pino ponderosa muerto estaba salpicada de hoyos redondos del tamaño de una canica. Mientras los veíamos, los miembros de la bandada de bajopalos enanos volaban regularmente entre el pino muerto y un cercano pino vivo. Y en los 20 minutos después de la salida del carpintero, vimos un puñado de bajopalos seguir volviendo a la cima del árbol muerto varias veces más. </p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Como ya mencioné, los bajopalos enanos suelen guardar alimento para consumir luego. Pienso que estaban guardando semillas de pino, o tal vez insectos, en la corteza de este árbol muerto. Mientras el carpintero albinegro mayor subía al árbol, usando su pico poderoso para cincelar la corteza, amenazaba las provisiones de los bajopalos. Y en una defensa rápida y bien coordinada, los bajopalos lo repelieron, protegiendo su cuidadosamente guardado alimento. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Rompecabezas infinitos</h3>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">¿Es realmente por eso que los bajopalos repelieron el carpintero? Es la explicación más creíble que he generado hasta ahora, pero no estoy seguro. Mientras yo investigaba este tema, me impresionó la complejidad del comportamiento de las bandadas mixtas de aves. La existencia de bandadas mixtas es un fenómeno bien conocido para la mayoría de los observadores de aves—pero hay muchísimo que está aconteciendo dentro de cualquier bandada mixta. Y realmente es bastante difícil investigar lo que está pasando con las interacciones dentro de las bandadas mixtas—muchos menos &#8220;por qué&#8221; las aves están haciendo lo que hacen. </p>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignright size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="768" src="http://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/PXL_20221026_163626046-1024x768.jpg" alt="The ponderosa pine snag that the pygmy nuthatches chased the woodpecker away from." class="wp-image-1416" style="width:512px;height:undefinedpx" srcset="https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/PXL_20221026_163626046-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/PXL_20221026_163626046-300x225.jpg 300w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/PXL_20221026_163626046-768x576.jpg 768w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/PXL_20221026_163626046-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://wildwithnature.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/PXL_20221026_163626046.jpg 1600w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">El pino ponderosa muerto donde los bajopalos enanos repelieron el carpintero.</figcaption></figure>
</div>


<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Cada vez que estamos en la naturaleza, estamos rodeados por una profundidad infinita de historias. Y de vez en cuando, pasan momentos como este. Los bajopalos enanos atacando a un carpintero albinegro mayor: fue algo que no cabía con mi entendimiento simple de las bandadas mixtas. Y al buscar una explicación, aprendí más claramente qué tan poco realmente sé. </p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Entonces ¿<em>qué</em> están haciendo los bajopalos, carpinteros albinegros mayores y otras aves en las bandadas mixtas? ¿Cuándo y por qué se transforman interacciones aparentemente pacíficas en interacciones hostiles? Y existen otras explicaciones igualmente creíbles por lo que vimos este día? </p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">La próxima vez que encuentres una bandada mixta, toma unos minutos para realmente observarla. ¿Qué están haciendo las aves? Piensa en cómo cada especie está alimentándose. ¿Cómo están manteniéndose alertas ante el riesgo de depredadores? ¿Cómo están comunicándose? &nbsp;</p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">¡Cuéntame lo que observes! Quedo a la espera de tus pensamientos sobre el comportamiento de los bajopalos enanos que vi, y tus observaciones del comportamiento de las bandadas mixtas.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading has-black-color has-text-color">Lee más</h3>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Harrison, N.M. &amp; Whitehouse, M.J. (2011). Mixed-species flocks: an example of niche construction? <em>Animal Behaviour</em> 81(4):675-682. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.01.013">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.01.013</a></p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Jackson, J.A., Ouellet, H.R., &amp; Jackson, B.J. (2020). Hairy woodpecker (<em>Dryobates villosus</em>). <em>En</em> Birds of the World Online (P.G. Rodewald &amp; F.B. Gill editors). Ithaca, NY: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. <a href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/">https://birdsoftheworld.org/</a></p>



<p class="has-black-color has-text-color">Kingery, H.E. &amp; Ghalambor, C.K. (2020). Pygmy nuthatch (<em>Sitta pygmaea</em>). <em>En</em> Birds of the World Online (P.G. Rodewald &amp; F.B. Gill editors). Ithaca, NY: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. <a href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/">https://birdsoftheworld.org/</a></p>
<p>The post <a href="https://wildwithnature.com/2022/11/11/atacado-por-bajopalos-enanos/">Atacado por bajopalos enanos: una sorpresa en los pinos</a> appeared first on <a href="https://wildwithnature.com">Wild With Nature</a>.</p>
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