Nature is all around us, all the time. Wherever we are, we live in an ecosystem. It may be far from pristine. It may be damaged, weedy, lacking in diversity, and filled with traffic. But it’s always present. And it always has something to teach us. It was with those ideas in mind that I began getting to know the starlings in my mom’s yard.
My mom lives in an older neighborhood in urban Missoula, Montana, USA. Over the last five years, she’s planted fruit trees and over 100 species of native plants in her yard, trying to grow her own food and create habitat for a diversity of insects, birds, and other wildlife.
Last fall was the first strong sign I saw that her hard work was paying off. In September, a flock of western tanagers (Piranga ludoviciana) stopped to eat her grapes. In October, a large group of house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus) and American goldfinches (Spinus tristis) fed on her Rocky Mountain beeplant (Cleome serrulata) seeds, a native annual that has thrived in her yard. Meanwhile, a young white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys) gleaned fallen curlycup gumweed (Grindelia squarrosa) seeds along the street. It was my first real indication that an urban garden this small could make a big difference for wildlife.
Watching the starlings
But let’s face it: this garden is young still, and it’s small. In April, the most evident birds around my mom’s house are the European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). And so, in spite of my biases against this non-native species, so ubiquitous in urban spaces across the US and Canada, I decide to watch the starlings. What can they teach me about this city ecosystem?
What I notice first, even before I start trying to record them with my microphone, is their vocal mimicry. The first frosty morning that I start paying attention to them, as I’m making trips to and from my car, I distinctly hear one mimic a killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) and a northern flicker (Colaptes auratus). That catches my ear. The mimicry is impressive. What other birds might these starlings be imitating?
That afternoon, the starlings are nowhere to be seen. Now I’ve read up on their biology, and I find myself wondering about them. Are they incubating yet? I’ve already seen them entering the nesting cavity that starlings have used in the past, a dilapidated corner of my mom’s roof between bad-fitting wooden boards. Or are they at a local park this afternoon, foraging for invertebrates in the soft earth?
Spring soil
I spend several sunny hours digging in the earth of the garden, feeling out networks of quackgrass rhizomes and uprooting them. Quackgrass (Agropyron repens) is a plant from Eurasia that tries to form turf and poses major competition for native plants; every spring, pulling small mountains of it is one of the big tasks here. As I pull quackgrass, I notice lots of Rocky Mountain beeplant seedlings—the predecessors of this fall’s birdseed. A blackish ground beetle, shimmering with purple, clambers across the soil and slides back into the wood chips.
At 6:30 pm, a solitary starling lands in a leafless Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila) to the southeast, in a neighbor’s yard across the street. From the elm, this starling’s evening song includes imitations of killdeer, house sparrows (Passer domesticus), and a red-tailed hawk’s (Buteo jamaicensis) scream. In the distance, another starling dives down and disappears at the edge of a neighbor’s roof. Is it another nest? Could there be several pairs nesting in the neighborhood?
At 6:35, the same starling is still in the Siberian elm, but another glossy blue-black starling has perched on the roof of my mom’s house. This one makes several rather expert imitations of western meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta) song, then flies to a nearby green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) tree. Because of the singing, I’m guessing this is a male. A few minutes later, he flies to the nest cavity in my mom’s roof and I hear another brief bout of song.
Wetland imitations
Over the next half hour, he continues to sing, and I notice more imitations. Did he spend part of the winter next to a marsh? I can hear him doing recognizable mimicries of Canada goose (Branta canadensis), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), and American coot (Fulica americana) calls. I think I hear him give a Wilson’s snipe’s (Gallinago delicata) alarm call. His western meadowlark songs are quite convincing, and he mews pretty well like a spotted towhee (Pipilo maculatus), too. He also does a very good common nighthawk (Chordeiles minor) imitation. Common nighthawks are long-distance migrants that won’t be showing up here until late May. By imitating the nighthawk, is this starling wishing for the arrival of summer?
I can’t tell if he has a partner yet. It’s clear that there are several other starlings in the neighborhood, but I haven’t seen any interactions up close. I do see him remove a large piece of wood from the nesting cavity. Later, he perches on the roof with a twig in his beak. None of this sheds light on the situation. Among starlings, males choose and defend a nest cavity; later, a female chooses a male along with his cavity. Until then, this sort of casual, bro-like effort at nest-building is expected behavior. As far as I know, this starling is still a bachelor.
Red-winged blackbird mimicry
Sunrise the next morning is frosty, and I’m bundled up in a mountain of jackets as I sit in the garden with my microphone and binoculars. The starling is singing again from the roof of the house. This morning I hear him mimic the “clear!” calls of a northern flicker. He sings a western meadowlark song again, and adds a red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) song.
That answers another lingering question I’ve had. Often in the spring, I’ve heard what seemed to be red-winged blackbirds in this urban neighborhood. I’ve been surprised to hear them here, away from any wetlands—their typical habitat—and I’ve wondered if it was starling mimicry. Now I know for sure. Unless I actually see a red-winged blackbird here, from now on I’ll be suspecting starlings when I hear these sounds.
Several other starlings are vocalizing from more-distant perches. Every now and then I see one flying, a pointy-winged dart traversing houses and streets. Where are they going to forage?
Song sparrows and connectivity
A song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) begins singing from the neighbor’s yard, perching in a young Siberian elm near a clump of lilacs. I move closer, hoping to record him. But he stops singing and flies low into my mom’s yard, among the dead stems of goldenrods and Rocky Mountain beeplants still loaded with seeds. I’m guessing the sparrow is finding seeds here. Earlier this morning, I saw two house finches still foraging in the beeplants, too. At least for seeds, this yard seems to be an important component of the neighborhood’s ecology. And the song sparrow, like the starlings, is showing me something obvious but important about urban yards: they’re connected. Wildlife is using the habitat of this neighborhood as a linked-together whole, not a dissected series of yards defined by changes in property ownership.
Where are the starlings foraging?
As I keep thinking about this theme of food resources and interconnectivity, I decide to check the satellite imagery for the neighborhood. I’m wondering about where the starlings and robins (Turdus migratorius) might be foraging. At this time of year, both species are probably feeding on the ground, hunting invasive earthworms and other plentiful lawn-based invertebrates. I’m guessing they’re probably looking for larger patches of open habitat, where they can feed without having to worry about housecats leaping out from the bushes and fences to ambush them. One of the closest such patches is Montana Rail Link Park, a rather boring triangle of lawn along an abandoned rail line. But it’s something different among this habitat of gridded houses and scattered trees. As the morning warms up, I throw my gear into my backpack and head off to check it out.
At 10:20 am, when I arrive at the park, it’s disappointingly devoid of foraging birds. I haven’t seen any birds feeding in the smaller, more cat-risky lawns that I walked past to get here, either. Several dogs are running off-leash through the park. I imagine they’re posing a certain level of risk to would-be earthworm hunters. I still don’t have any idea where the local robins and starlings are foraging, nor when they’re most actively seeking food. Figuring out these patterns is going to require more observation.
Finding a mate
It’s the same story at 11:00 am when I make it to Franklin Park, another sizeable open space in the neighborhood. I have yet to see a single robin or starling foraging. But I’m happy to see coppery new leaves on the chokecherries (Prunus virginiana) along the irrigation ditch. There are a bunch of eastern box-elder bugs (Boisea trivittata) crawling among the leaf litter below them.
When I return to my mom’s house, I’m surprised to startle a robin, which flies up from the garden. Has it been foraging here? Two starlings fly away from the area of the nesting cavity. I wonder if that fancy song with all of those imitations has finally helped this male attract a mate.
The next morning, I’m surprised to see a flock of five male red-winged blackbirds show up in the neighborhood. They fly directly to the Siberian elm at the edge of my mom’s yard, as if to mock my previous conclusion about their absence. I record them calling and singing for a few minutes—these ones are not starling imitations—and then they all fly north together.
This morning is my first definite indication that the starling has found a mate. Two starlings are busy cruising around the yard, picking up dead grasses and carrying them to the nesting cavity. On the other side of the garden, a pair of notably silent American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) glides down and searches for small branches to carry off. Presumably they’re building a nest in the neighborhood, too.
More imitations
Three days later, there are native plants leafing out all around the garden. Bumblebees are visiting the flowers of the golden currants (Ribes aureum) and Missouri gooseberries (Ribes setosum). I’ve been watching the starlings again this morning. The Siberian elm at the edge of the yard has immature fruits and tiny green leaves now, and the male is perching there and singing. I’m almost sure he’s the same male. I recognize his mimicry now, and mostly it’s the same imitations I’ve been hearing: the spotted towhee and the northern flicker, the killdeer and the common nighthawk, the western meadowlark song. He follows the American coot calls immediately with a black-billed magpie (Pica hudsonia) imitation, something I’ve heard him do several different days now. It seems like the only thing he doesn’t mimic is the dog which has started barking in the background.
This morning he’s added a gull (Larus sp.) imitation and a white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys) song. He even gives the calls of a blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata). His repertoire is impressive. After nearly a week, I’m still hearing new imitations.
Confusing starling behavior
Watching the starlings today, I’m a bit puzzled. The male is making lots of trips to the nesting cavity, carrying dead grasses and leaves. He’s not alone in the garden. There’s a female (I presume) who is watching him from the green ash. I imagine she’s the same female I’ve seen with him before. Once I see her visit the nesting cavity. Twice, after he sings, she approaches him and they mate.
What’s surprising to me is that there’s a third individual in the area, too. I see this interloper perching right next to the female and imitating a red-winged blackbird song. The territorial male responds by singing, but he doesn’t try to chase the intruder away. This is where it would be interesting to give these starlings colored leg bands and track the behaviors of each individual. I’m starting to understand more about starlings, but it still doesn’t take much to utterly confuse me.
Watching how the starlings readily use my mom’s small yard to gather nesting materials, apparently without much concern for cats, makes me think I might have been wrong about their foraging decisions. They’re probably not commuting to a local park. Instead, now I suspect that they’re using whatever neighborhood habitat patches strike their fancy, whenever they get hungry. Of course, that is all just supposition. Once they have nestlings next month, I imagine they’ll be spending more time foraging. Maybe then I’ll be able to confirm whether they’re using these nearby lawns or traveling farther to local parks. Or maybe I’ll be wishing, once again, that they were wearing colored leg bands so that I could track individuals.
Learning from weedy species
Across much of North America, European starlings are ubiquitous and successful city birds. Like dandelions (Taraxacum spp.), rock pigeons (Columba livia), and house sparrows, I think it’s fair to call them a weedy species. Tenacious and adaptable, they seem to survive and even thrive in damaged ecosystems. In more intact habitats, they compete with native species for nesting cavities, displacing bluebirds (Sialia spp.), tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor), and even woodpeckers. They’re a controversial bird, and many people don’t like them.
Starlings are complicated. But they definitely aren’t boring. In just one week, they’ve sung me the imitations of a dozen species. They’ve made me think about nesting behaviors, foraging opportunities, neighborhood killer cats, and how birds might be perceiving and using this city ecosystem. They’ve encouraged me to notice not only the ecosystem I want to see here, with more native plants, insects, and songbirds, but also the ecosystem that exists right now, with its noisy traffic, outdoor cats, and boring lawns where starlings might forage. And for that, I’m grateful to them.
As spring progresses, I’ll keep pulling quackgrass and encouraging native plants. I’ll keep looking for opportunities to create better habitat in this urban ecosystem. And I’ll keep an eye on the starlings. I think I have a lot more to learn from them.
Related reading
Gardening with native plants in Montana
Dandelions, climate change, and weedy resiliency
Nature and habitat at the edge of Missoula
Searching for pollinators in my mom’s yard
Cabe, Paul R. 2020. European starling, version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S.M. Billerman, editor). Ithaca, NY: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved from https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/eursta/cur/introduction
Rothenberg, David. 2006, 1 April. Why you can’t teach a starling to sing. Retrieved from https://www.nwf.org/Magazines/National-Wildlife/2006/Why-You-Cant-Teach-a-Starling-to-Sing